European Union
Data and information law
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GDPR: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
Functionally equivalent articles from the EUDPR, DPD95 and from the Law Enforcement Directive route to the articles in the GDPR: they inherit the citations.
- Law Enforcement Directive: Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA
- e-Privacy Directive: Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications)
- Data Act: Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Data Act)
- Open Data Directive: Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information (recast)
- Health Data Space Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2025/327 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2025 on the European Health Data Space and amending Directive 2011/24/EU and Regulation (EU) 2024/2847
- PWD: Directive (EU) 2024/2831 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on improving working conditions in platform work
- GDPR Procedural Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2025/2518 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2025 laying down additional procedural rules on the enforcement of Regulation (EU) 2016/679
Artificial intelligence law
Platform regulation
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DSA: Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)
Functionally equivalent articles from the ECD route to the DSA.
- DMA: Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act)
- ISS Directive: Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (codification)
- DSM: Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Consumer law
- UCPD: Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( Unfair Commercial Practices Directive )
- Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulati: Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004
Security and surveillance law
- Law Enforcement Directive: Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA
- e-Evidence Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on European Production Orders and European Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal proceedings and for the execution of custodial sentences following criminal proceedings
Media and communications law
- EECC: Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (Recast)
- AVMS Directive: Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) (codified version)
- Open Internet Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and retail charges for regulated intra-EU communications and amending Directive 2002/22/EC and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012
- European Accessibility Act: Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services
- EMFA: Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU (European Media Freedom Act)
Intellectual property law
- EUTMR: Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark (codification)
- Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs
- InfoSoc Directive: Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society
- Database Directive: Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases
- DSM: Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
- Rental and Lending Rights Directive: Directive 2006/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property (codified version)
- Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure
- Software Directive: Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs (Codified version)
- SatCab: Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission
- Directive 2014/26/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on collective management of copyright and related rights and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use in the internal market
- Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights (codified version)
- Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works
- Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the resale right for the benefit of the author of an original work of art
- Regulation (EU) 2017/1128 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on cross-border portability of online content services in the internal market
- SatCab II: Directive (EU) 2019/789 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes, and amending Council Directive 93/83/EEC
- Directive (EU) 2024/2823 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on the legal protection of designs (recast)
- Marrakesh Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2017/1563 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2017 on the cross-border exchange between the Union and third countries of accessible format copies of certain works and other subject matter protected by copyright and related rights for the benefit of persons who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print-disabled
Competition law
Regulatory law
- Market Surveillance Regulation: Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on market surveillance and compliance of products and amending Directive 2004/42/EC and Regulations (EC) No 765/2008 and (EU) No 305/2011
- Standardisation Regulation: Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European standardisation, amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives 94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and 2009/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Decision 87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Digital infrastructure law
- eIDAS: Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC
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NIS 2: Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive)
Includes routing of functionally similar or identical articles from Directive (EU) 2016/1148.
- Cybersecurity Act: Regulation (EU) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and on information and communications technology cybersecurity certification and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act)
- Cyber Resilience Act: Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013 and (EU) 2019/1020 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Cyber Resilience Act)
- Critical Entities Resilience Directive: Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on the resilience of critical entities and repealing Council Directive 2008/114/EC
- DORA: Règlement (UE) 2022/2554 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 14 décembre 2022 sur la résilience opérationnelle numérique du secteur financier et modifiant les règlements (CE) n o 1060/2009, (UE) n o 648/2012, (UE) n o 600/2014, (UE) n o 909/2014 et (UE) 2016/1011 (Texte présentant de l’intérêt pour l’EEE)
- Gigabit Infrastructure Act: Regulation (EU) 2024/1309 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2024 on measures to reduce the cost of deploying gigabit electronic communications networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and repealing Directive 2014/61/EU (Gigabit Infrastructure Act)
- Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1366 of 11 March 2024 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing a network code on sector-specific rules for cybersecurity aspects of cross-border electricity flows
- Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 of 17 October 2024 laying down rules for the application of Directive (EU) 2022/2555 as regards technical and methodological requirements of cybersecurity risk-management measures and further specification of the cases in which an incident is considered to be significant with regard to DNS service providers, TLD name registries, cloud computing service providers, data centre service providers, content delivery network providers, managed service providers, managed security service providers, providers of online market places, of online search engines and of social networking services platforms, and trust service providers
United Kingdom
Data and information law
- FOIA 2000: Freedom of Information Act 2000
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DPA 2018: Data Protection Act 2018
Including passed through references from the aligned and similar parts of the Data Protection Act 1998.
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UK GDPR: Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation)
This avoids post-exit day EU case law and receives citations from ongoing UK law; read together with the EU GDPR (also on this site).
- IPA 2016: Investigatory Powers Act 2016
- PECR 2003: The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
- DUAA 2025: Data (Use and Access) Act 2025
Platform regulation
- OSA 2023: Online Safety Act 2023
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e-Commerce Regs 2002: The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002
Including pre-exit day case law from the e-Commerce directive.
Consumer law
- Consumer Rights Act 2015
- The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013
Security and surveillance law
- RIPA 2000: Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
- NSA 2023: National Security Act 2023
- The Network and Information Systems Regulations 2018
Media and communications law
- Communications Act 2003
- Defamation Act 2013
- Electronic Communications Act 2000
- Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act 2022
Intellectual property law
- CDPA 1988: Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
- The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997
Competition law
Regulatory law
Internet offences
- Sexual Offences Act 2003
- TACT 2000: Terrorism Act 2000
- OSA 2023: Online Safety Act 2023
- PoCA 1978: Protection of Children Act 1978
- CMA 1990: Computer Misuse Act 1990
- MCA 1988: Malicious Communications Act 1988
- Crime (Overseas Production Orders) Act 2019
Digital infrastructure law
Ireland
Data and information law
- Data Protection Act 1988 (revised to 2025-11-10)
- Freedom of Information Act 2014 (revised to 2025-04-02)
- Data Protection Act 2018 (revised to 2026-06-25)
- Data Sharing and Governance Act 2019 (revised to 2024-06-01)
- Irish e-Privacy Regulations: S.I. No. 336/2011 - European Communities (Electronic Communications Networks and Services) (Privacy and Electronic Communications) Regulations 2011.
Platform regulation
Consumer law
Security and surveillance law
- Interception of Postal Packets and Telecommunications Messages (Regulation) Act 1993 (revised to 2025-04-02)
- Criminal Justice (Surveillance) Act 2009 (revised to 2025-04-02)
- Communications (Retention of Data) Act 2011 (revised to 2025-04-02)
- Garda Síochána (Recording Devices) Act 2023 (revised to 2026-07-01)
Media and communications law
- Broadcasting Act 2009 (revised to 2026-06-12)
- Communications Regulation Act 2002 (revised to 2026-01-20)
- Defamation Act 2009 (revised to 2026-03-01)
Intellectual property law
- COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS ACT, 2000
- Irish DSM Regulations: European Union (Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market) Regulations 2021